биография ломоносова на английском

Mikhail Lomonosov was born in 1711 in Archangelsk province. His father was a fisher and young Mikhail liked to help him. He always strove for knowledge and liked reading books.

As he was 19 years old, he decided to study in Moscow. He went there on foot. In Moscow he entered the Slavic- Greek-Latin Academy. After his graduation from Academy he was sent abroad to complete his knowledge in chemistry and mining. After he had returned from abroad, he became the first Russian professor of chemistry in 1745.

At first he was engaged in research in physics and chemistry. Since 1748 he had conducted works in the first Russian chemical research laboratory, which was built at his request.

Since 1753 he was engaged in research in many fields of natural and applied sciences. He wrote works on physics, astronomy, geography, history. Besides scientific works, he wrote poems as well. He is the author of the first scientifical grammar of the Russian language.

He founded the factory producing colored glass. He created some mosaics using the glass produced at the factory.

Lomonosov was the founder of the first Russian university. This university is situated in Moscow and still carries his name.

Mikhail Lomonosov died in 1765. But he is still known as the father of the Russian science, an outstanding poet, the founder of Russian literature.

Михаил Ломоносов родился в 1711 году в Архангельской губернии. Его отец был рыбаком, и юный Михаил любил помогать ему. Он всегда стремился к знаниям и любил читать книги.

Когда ему было 19 лет, он решил учиться в Москве. Он пошел туда пешком. В Москве он поступил в Славяно-греко-латинскую академию. После окончания академии он был направлен за границу, чтобы усовершенствовать свои знания по химии и горному делу. После того, как он вернулся из-за границы, он стал первым русским профессором химии в 1745 году.

Сначала он занимался исследованиями в области физики и химии. С 1748 года он проводил работы в первой русской химической исследовательской лаборатории, которая была построена по его просьбе.

С 1753 года он проводил исследования во многих областях естественных и прикладных наук. Он писал труды по физике, астрономии, географии, истории. Кроме научных трудов, он писал также стихотворения. Он — автор первой научной грамматики русского языка.

Он основал фабрику по производству цветного стекла. Он создал несколько мозаик, используя стекло, произведенное на этой фабрике.

Ломоносов был основателем первого русского университета. Этот университет находится в Москве и носит его имя.

Михаил Ломоносов умер в 1765 году. Но он все еще известен как отец русской науки, выдающийся поэт, основоположник русской литературы.

1. When was Lomonosov born?
2. Where did he study?
3. In what fields of science did he write works?
4. What did he write besides scientific works?
5. What university is named after his name?
6. When did he die?

Vocabulary:

province — губерния
to strive for — стремиться к
Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy — Славяне-греко-латинская академия
chemistry — химия
mining — горное дело
to be engaged in research — заниматься исследованиями
natural sciences — естественные науки
applied sciences — прикладные науки
founder — основоположник

Источник

Mikhail Lomonosov

Mikhail Lomonosov was born in 1711 in Archangelsk province. His fatherwas a fisher and young Mikhail liked to help him. He always strove for knowledge and liked reading books. As he was 19 years old, he decided to study in Moscow. He went there on foot. In Moscow he entered the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. After his graduation from Academy he was sent abroad to complete his knowledge in chemistry and mining. After he had returned from abroad, he became the first Russian professor of chemistry in 1745.

At first he was engaged in research in physics and chemistry. Since 1748 he had conducted works in the first Russian chemical research laboratory, which was built at his request. Since 1753 he was engaged in research in many fields of natural and applied sciences. He wrote works on physics, astronomy, geography, history. Besides scientific works, he wrote poems as well. He is the author of the first scientifical grammar of the Russian language.

He founded the factory producing colored glass. He cre­ated some mosaics using the glass produced at the factory.

Lomonosov was the founder of the first Russian university. This university is situated in Moscow and still carries his name.

Mikhail Lomonosov died in 1765. But he is still known as the father of the Russian science, an outstanding poet, the founder of Russian literature.

Михаил Ломоносов

Михаил Ломоносов родился в 1711 году в Архангель­ской губернии. Его отец был рыбаком, и юный Михаил любил помогать ему. Он всегда стремился к знаниям и любил читать книги. Когда ему было 19 лет, он решил учиться в Москве. Он пошел туда пешком. В Москве он поступил в Славяно-греко-латинскую академию. После окончания академии он был направлен за границу, чтобы усовершенствовать свои знания по химии и горному делу.

После того, как он вернулся из-за границы, он стал первым русским профессором химии в 1745 году.

Сначала он занимался исследованиями в области фи­зики и химии. С 1748 года он проводил работы в первой русской химической исследовательской лаборатории, кото­рая была построена по его просьбе. С 1753 года он прово­дил исследования во многих областях естественных и при­кладных наук. Он писал труды по физике, астрономии, географии, истории. Кроме научных трудов, он писал так­же стихотворения. Он — автор первой научной граммати­ки русского языка.

Он основал фабрику по производству цветного стекла. Он создал несколько мозаик, используя стекло, произве­денное на этой фабрике.

Ломоносов был основателем первого русского универ­ситета. Этот университет находится в Москве и носит его имя.

Михаил Ломоносов умер в 1765 году. Но он все еще известен как отец русской науки, выдающийся поэт, осно­воположник русской литературы.

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Источник

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov — biography

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (Михаил Васильевич Ломоносов) (1711-1765) — the first Russian natural scientist of world importance, the poet, who laid the foundations of the modern Russian literary language, artist, historian, advocate the development of national education, science and economy.

Mikhail Lomonosov was born on November 19 (November 8, Old Style), 1711 in the village of Denisovka (now the village University) in the family of the White Sea. At age 19, went to study (from 1731 to the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow, from 1735 at the Academic University in St. Petersburg, in 1736-41 in Germany). Since 1742 Associate, since 1745 the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

In 1748 the Academy of Sciences Lomonosov founded the first Russia [ru] laboratory. At the initiative of Lomonosov Moscow State University was founded (1755).

Mikhail Lomonosov also the author of books on Russian history, criticized the Norman theory. The great Russian poet and educator 18., One of the founders of the syllabic-tonic versification. Creator of Russian philosophical odes and high civic sound. Author of poems and poetic messages of tragedies satyr, fundamental scientific and philological works of Russian grammar. Revived the art of mosaic tesserae and manufacture, has created a mosaic pictures with the students. Member of the Academy of Fine Arts (1763). He was buried in St. Petersburg in the necropolis of the 18th century.

Mikhail Lomonosov proposed organization of Moscow University (1754).

Another Mikhail Lomonosov:

Here, Michael has studied Latin, politics, rhetoric, and partly philosophy. About his life of this first school period Lomonosov wrote I.I. Shuvalov in 1753: «Having one day hit the jackpot in salary, it was impossible to have a day to feed more like a coin in the coin of bread and kvas, etc. on paper, footwear and other needs. Thus I lived five years (1731-1736), and Science did not leave. «.

In 1741, Mikhail Lomonosov returned to their homeland. Despite the odes, translations of foreign-academics, student Lomonosov got no place, no salary. Only with the ascension to the throne of Elizabeth, in January 1742, Lomonosov was designated an associate of the Academy of physics.

In 1743, the Academy of History Department and any historic meeting in the meetings which led the fight against the Lomonosov Miller, accusing him of deliberately maligned Slavs. And soon Lomonosov due to «insolence» disobedience Conference of the Academy and frequent quarrels with the Germans in a drunken state, more than seven months’ kept under guard. «He remained for a year without pay, to requests for compensation for food and medicine only got permission to take academic publications in 80 rubles.

Like many scientists of the time, Mikhail Lomonosov «tried everything and everyone came through,» in the words of Pushkin. But his most important discoveries related to chemistry, physics, and astronomy. They have decades of work ahead of Western scientists, but often remain unnoticed by the European science, do not attach special importance to the development of accurate knowledge in a barbaric country, which they considered Russia.

Thanks to the attention of Euler in the early 1748 Lomonosov made buildings and equipment by its drawings of the chemical laboratory of the Academy of Sciences, where, in particular, began to produce analyzes of samples of various ores and minerals. These samples he received from the mining plants and of prospectors from all over Russia.

He expressed the correct guess about the vertical currents in the atmosphere, correctly pointed to the electrical nature of auroras and estimated their height. Lomonosov attempted to develop a theory of the ether electrical phenomena and thought about the connection between electricity and light, which would detect experimentally. In the epoch of the corpuscular theory of light, he openly supported the wave theory of «Gugeniya» (Huygens), and developed an original theory of colors.

The scientist had many enemies and envious, which were headed by the all-powerful Schumacher. Fortunately, he found a patron Shuvalov. After Shuvalov Lomonosov had the opportunity to put into practice important plans, such as the base in 1755, the University of Moscow, for which Lomonosov wrote the initial draft, based on the «legitimized institutions, customs and habits of foreign universities.

In 1757, Mikhail Lomonosov became Chancellor, that is, in modern terms, the vice-president of the Academy of Sciences. In the same year he moved to an apartment in the breech of academic own home, surviving on the Sink to 1830.

In 1759, M. Lomonosov studied the device and drawing up the charter school for her and the University of the Academy, and all the forces defended the rights of the lower classes to education and objected to the voice of a «Where to learned men?». Learned men, according to the Lomonosov need «to Siberia, of Mining, factories and preservation of the people, architecture, justice, correction of manners, the merchants, the unity of pure faith, and prescient agriculture weather, military, travel north and messages from the Orient.»

According to the geographical department of Lomonosov engaged in collecting information about Russia.

In 1761, Mikhail Lomonosov followed the passage of Venus between the Earth and the Sun. This is a very rare phenomenon observed by scientists of many countries, specially arranged for this distant expedition. Such observations of Venus made it possible to clarify the magnitude of the distance from the Earth to the Sun. But Lomonosov, at his home in St. Petersburg, watching a small tube, made a great discovery that Venus has an atmosphere, it seems, is more dense than Earth’s atmosphere. One of the discoveries would be enough to name University survived for centuries.

Far ahead of contemporary science, Lomonosov first scientist to figure out that the surface of the Sun is a raging fire an ocean in which even the «stones as water, boil». Mystery during Mikhail Lomonosov was and the nature of comets. Lomonosov made a bold idea that the tails of comets are formed under the influence of electric power from the sun. Later it was found that the formation of comet tails do participate sunlight.

On July 12, 1754, at a meeting of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Mikhail Lomonosov[en] demonstrated a working model of an aircraft-the prototype of a modern helicopter. The minutes of the meeting stated: «The highly esteemed adviser Lomonosov showed a machine invented by him, called by him an aerodynamic (air-running) machine, which should be used in order to use the wings. to rise into the upper layers of the air. «. The model’s screws were driven by » the force of a spring, which is usually supplied by a watch [ru] «.

In his book, Lomonosov gave a description of ores and minerals by their external characteristics, described the occurrence of ores, pointed out how the pieces of ore, found in a creek or river, you can get to the core. He drew attention to the importance searchers ore painting rocks. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov correctly explained that the minerals are colored by the presence of iron oxides, copper, lead and other metals is very valuable indication of the scientist was a «satellite» ores. For example, he reported that the sulfur and arsenopyrite accompany gold, bismuth occurs together with tin, etc.

Book Mikhail Lomonosov was the first practical guide to search for ores, based on strict scientific observation has been circulated by the mines and was instrumental masters of Russian mountain-searchers ore that opened a lot of new deposits in the Urals, Altai and Nerchinsky territory.

However, Lomonosov was not limited to practical information. He believed that the Prospector for success in the work necessary to know how and under what conditions they formed sought out minerals. So the book was attached a great job Lomonosov «On the Layers of the Earth», which marked the beginning of geological science in our country. Scientist set out in it his views on the structure of the Earth’s crust, the origin of rocks and fossils found in them, and minerals on the formation of the mountains, the reasons for moving the land and the sea, etc.

The views Lomonosov far ahead of his time. For example, Mikhail is one of the first to realize the value of the internal forces in the formation of the Earth’s topography.

Mikhail claimed that the remains of extinct animals are found where these animals live. If fossilized sea shells found on the ground, it means that this land was once the bottom of the sea.

At the time, scientists believed coal rock, impregnated with some «coal juice.» This opinion was shared by some geologists even at the beginning of the XIX century. Meanwhile, in the XVIII century Lomonosov argued that fossil coal, like peat, formed from plant debris covered later strata of rocks. It should be noted that Mikhail Lomonosov first pointed to the formation of oil from the remains of organisms. This idea has received confirmation and recognition only in the XX century.

Through the Office of the Academy of Sciences Lomonosov appealed also to the miners of a request to send him samples of ores. Some of the miners immediately began to assemble collections of minerals and ores at their sites and send them to St. Petersburg.

In June 1764, Catherine II visited the home of University and spent two hours watching the «work of mosaic art, contraption Lomonosov physical tools and some physical and chemical experiments.» When leaving the Empress Lomonosov gave her poems.

But he still was not distracted armchair eccentric. Large, full later, and at the same time, fast, strong, had a temper, though kind and cheerful, but the steep, short-tempered to rage. Once conceived to rob three sailors on Vasilevsky Island, Lomonosov was in such anger that one laid unconscious, the other with a broken face to flight, and the third has decided to rob himself: he took off his jacket, jacket, trousers, tied the knot and brought «production of «home.

At the end of the life of Mikhail Lomonosov was elected an honorary member of the Stockholm and Bologna Academies. Becoming a recognized already surrounded by honor, their habits Lomonosov did not change. Careless in dress, wearing a white blouse with an open collar, a Chinese robe and could take an important dignitary, and sit up with countryman-arhangeltsem a mug of cold beer, because «this drink is bestowed directly from the ice».

The end of life Lomonosov did not stop to help their family, caused them to St. Petersburg and corresponded with them. A letter to my sister Mikhail Lomonosov, written a month before his death, on April 4, 1765.

Another Mikhail Lomonosov:

The metric espoused Lomonosov our poetry, there is great merit in his hand: it is akin to the spirit of the Russian language and in itself was of his power. Lomonosov was the first founder of Russian poetry and the first poet of Russia».

On the first years of the life of Mikhail Lomonosov are extremely scarce information. He was born 8 (20) in November 1711, in the village of Denisovka, Arkhangelsk region, Kholmogorsky County, a peasant, a fairly well-off family. His father was engaged in fishing and often commit big sea travel. Mother Lomonosov, who died very early, was the daughter of a deacon. Father, son to recall, was at heart a good man, but «in extreme ignorance bred».

He was surrounded by stories about the great deeds of Peter the Great, and which hitherto little remained in the north. More from Lomonosov mother learned to read and was hunting for reading and later it seems, was supported in its pomors-examined. Early, apparently, was born in Lomonosov consciousness of the necessity of «science» of knowledge. «Gates scholarship» for him made them books procured from somewhere, «Grammar» Smotritsky, «Arithmetic» Magnitsky, «Verse Psalms» Simeon of Polotsk.

In Moscow Lomonosov left with the knowledge of his father, one of the local farmers even vouched for his contribution in taxes, but, apparently, his father sent him away for only a short time, then why is it listed as «in hiding.»

In the «Saviour’s school,» ie, the Moscow Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, Mikhail Lomonosov joined in 1731 and stayed there for about 5 years. Extant letters to the University II Shuvalov see what physical hardship, what spiritual struggle Lomonosov had to endure during his stay at the academy.

In the scientific sense, it has brought many benefits to Mikhail Lomonosov: he not only acquired a taste for scientific pursuits in general, but learned Latin, read and do with what was then the «science», although in the usual for that time of scholastic form of different «piitik», «Rhetoric «and» philosophies «. Another happy fact of the early life of Lomonosov was a challenge from the Academy of Sciences of 12 outstanding students, «Spassky schools.» In 1736, three of them, including the Lomonosov Academy of Sciences have been sent to Germany to study mathematics, physics, philosophy, chemistry and metallurgy.

Abroad Lomonosov spent five years: about 3 years in Marburg, under the guidance of the famous Wolff, and about a year in Freiberg, in Gennelya, he spent a year at level crossings in the Netherlands.

From Germany, Lomonosov made not only extensive knowledge in the field of mathematics, physics, chemistry, mining, but to a large degree, and a general statement of his worldview. The lectures Wolf Lomonosov could work out their views in the area of the then so-called natural law, in matters concerning the state.

In 1748, at the Department of History of the Academy there and Historical Collection, the meetings of which Lomonosov soon begins to fight with Miller, accusing him of deliberately downplaying in the research of the Russian people. He presents a series of notes and projects with aim of «bringing the Academy of Sciences in good condition,» strenuously pursuing the idea of a «nedobrohotstve scientists foreigners to Russian young people», to his learning.

In 1749, in a solemn meeting of the Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov says, «The word of praise Empress Elizabeth», which took a big hit, this time with Lomonosov starts to use a lot of attention at the Court. He approaches the favorite of Elizabeth I.I. Shuvalov, creating him a lot of envy, which is headed by Schumacher. At the close relationship to the machinations Shuvalov Schumacher made for Lomonosov not terrible, and it takes a great influence in the Academy.

Under the influence of the University is committed to the 1755 opening of the Moscow University, for which he is the original draft, based on the «institutions, by legislation, customs and habits of» foreign universities. Even earlier, in 1753, Mikhail Lomonosov, by Shuvalov, one can make a mosaic factory. In the same year, Lomonosov fussing about the device runs on electricity, the family of the retired professor accident Richman, who «killed thunder»; Lomonosov particularly concerned about the fact that «to this event (death Richman during physical experiments) was not directed resist an increment of the sciences».

At the same time, the lessons go by University Department of Geography, under the influence of his writings: «On the move north to the East Indies Siberian Ocean» in 1764 expeditions to Siberia. Among these unremitting toil Lomonosov dies, 4 April 1765.

Shortly before the death of Mikhail Lomonosov visited Catherine, «the new file a favored highest assurance of the true Beloved and care about their arts and sciences in the Fatherland» («St. Petersburg Vedomosti», 1764).

At the end of life Lomonosov was elected an honorary member of the Stockholm and Bologna Academy of Sciences. Lomonosov still married abroad in 1740, in Marburg, to Elizabeth Zilch. Family Life University was apparently quite calm. Of children after the University was only a daughter, Elena, who married Konstantinov, the son of a priest of Bryansk. Her offspring, as sisters and offspring University, in the Arkhangelsk region, there is until now.

Personal sympathies University seems inclined to physics and chemistry, but his «genius scientist» equally «brilliant» and suffered from it in such treatises as the «Word of the origin of the world» (1756), «The word of the phenomena of air, originating from the electrical power» (1753), and «Russian Grammar» (1755), or in the treatises purely journalistic nature.

To his contemporaries, Mikhail Lomonosov was primarily a poet. The first poetry University were sent by him from abroad, with the «Reports» in the Academy of Sciences: French translation of a poem «Ode Fenelon» (1738) and the original «Ode to capture Khotina» (1739). In fact it started a new Russian literature, the new size of the verse, with a new language, and partly with new content, but the contemporaries of the first ode University did not immediately printed, long, apparently, were not known, and among academics themselves have noted, it seems only one Trediakovsky. The second was made by Lomonosov ode to the «Letter on the rules of Russian versification», where the author opposes Trediakovsky. Tryadyakovsky immediately wrote to the «letter» critical response, but the latter was not sent to the destination of the academic conference «in order to pay for the post is not to lose money in vain». The glory of the poet Lomonosov takes only on his return from abroad, his ode to that time, followed quickly one after the other, at the same time required for it in Russian translations of various «greetings», he wrote in German academic Staehelin. In August 1741 devotes the second ode, and in December of the same year he translates written Staehelin German ode to the new Empress, which says exactly the opposite of what is said in the preceding two odes.

With the accession to the throne of Elizabeth poetic work of Lomonosov put in much happier conditions: his praise made quite sincere. In 1747, after approval by the Empress Elizabeth of a new charter for the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Fine Arts, Lomonosov wrote an ode to «Joyful shouts and thanksgiving Russian Music,» where, in the words Merzliakov, «breathes heavenly passion for science», the poet celebrates the patronage of the Empress arts and sciences together and sings Peter the Great and science, «divine mind pure fruit», here it refers to the new generation of Russian, urging him to enlightenment sciences. Odes welcomes Lomonosov and Catherine II, comparing the new Empress Elizaveta and expressing the hope that Catherine II «golden age of science rises up and save with contempt beloved Russian generation».

Everywhere we see the author’s desire to express one way or another their educational social ideals, to emphasize the tasks of the performance of which depends the happiness of Russia. In what lurks deep thought, often the real indication of what is really needed to Russia (Pypin). In «rifmichestve» Lomonosov often flashed sparks of true, genuine poetry. Most often this happens when the Lomonosov «singing» about the importance of science and education, about the greatness of natural phenomena on religious subjects.

The best poetic works of Lomonosov’s spiritual odes. Already by 1743 include the ode: «Evening Meditation on God’s Majesty in the case of the great lights» and «Morning Meditation on God’s Majesty», full of religious feeling and at the same time showing the scientific interests of the author. «Evening Thoughts» in the words of the University, has his «long-held view that the northern lights motion of ether can be made». Lomonosov was a true poet, and in those cases where the verses concerned «courtesy of the fatherland.» It is precisely in his eyes gave his poetic works price, towering over their «poor rhyming.»

In ancient literature from the beginning the extremely sharp distinction between the literary language, the language of the «book» and say to the people living, spoken language. This distinction is held until the end of the XVII century, during the seven centuries of Russian language itself has no right to citizenship in the literature, «literary language» is the language of church-Slavic. Only occasionally, inadvertently scribe, living speech of the people inadvertently enters the book as a random, unconscious impurity. The further away, the more acts convention grammatical forms, speed, extreme artificiality of the spelling, style and expression.

Lomonosov «Russian Grammar» first draws a sharp line between the languages of Russian and Church Slavonic, between conversational speech and «slavenschiznoy»; Church Slavonic language, the language of «religious books» for the first time opposed to Russian language, «civil», live voices of the people, or, expressed as Lomonosov, «simple Russian language», «vulgar words», «ordinary Russian.» Recognizing the close interrelation of the two languages, Lomonosov establish full independence of each, and for the first time puts special strictly scientific study of the laws and the Russian form of the language itself. Therein lies the greatest value of philological works of Lomonosov.

Gives strong preference Lomonosov Moscow, «for the importance of not only the capital dialect, but also for its excellent beauty».

Despite the importance of scientific works of Mikhail Lomonosov in the Russian language in the general academic performance, they were for him, to a certain degree side, his main specialty was science, and the genius of Governors is manifested with even greater power and brilliance. With all the obvious is found only in very recent times, thanks to the numerous detailed studies of a number of specialists. These include, above all, academic publications, «Lomonosov Collection. Materials for the History of Chemistry in Russia «(St. Petersburg, 1801),» Proceedings of the University of Sciences in the field of natural history «(St. Petersburg, 1911, the works collected here B.N. Menshutkina, N.A. Yossi, M. Shokalskogo, Vladimir I. Vernadsky), later academic «Lomonosov Collection» (St. Petersburg, 1911), which placed the study of academician Walden, a professor Kurilova, B.N. Menshutkina, V.I. Vernadsky, the speech read by specialists, naturalists in the ceremonial meeting of the Academy Science November 8, 1911.

Lomonosov was interested not only thunderstorms, but also in meteorology its all quite aware of the importance of weather forecasting and sought to arrange a meteorological station, tried using the self-recording instruments to explore the upper atmosphere: these ideas were carried out only at the very end of the XIX century. In recent years, he is given to the study of gravity with pendulums, wrote a big lead scientist of navigation with numerous new appliances, is a dissertation on the icy mountains, where the completely faithful to the conclusion that these mountains can be formed just off the coast of the sea of fresh water; equips naval expedition to explore the northern seas.

Did not understand or appreciate the works of Lomonosov even people who were close to science and education, his closest comrades in the academy, even his immediate deputies on the academic department. They talked about Lomonosov only 90 years after his death, and spoke for the first time at the Moscow University, when he had to remember that the Lomonosov was its founder. On the works of Lomonosov paid due attention only in 1900 when the 150th anniversary of the founding of the first Russian chemical laboratory, which was established by Lomonosov again» («Lomonosov Collection»). Physico-chemical Lomonosov’s work appeared in a collection of Ostwald: «Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften» (№ 178). Historians of chemistry is especially appreciated GW University Kahlbaum, P. Diergart and M. Speter. Professor Menshutkina gives the following «historical background» : «In 1865, when marks the centenary of the death of Governors, meeting in solemn academy and universities evaluated his work by scientists at the time. In their speeches, we find little guidance on what we put out today as the most important in the works of Lomonosov, such as the mechanical theory of heat and gases, physical chemistry. These thoughts did not seem to particularly outstanding in 1865, although passed one hundred years after the death of Governors, quite similar physical theories have been proposed long before the well-known scientists of the XIX century, but at that time there were still spread, and it took several more years before they came to the academic community. The heyday of Physical Chemistry, belongs only to the end of the last century. These facts show how genius University ahead of its time».

(IK Suhoplyuev ‘Views on University policy of population «in the» Compendium of the Lomonosov»), Lomonosov proves that great post we have to «in the most unhealthy time of year that is not accepted in consideration brutal nature of the north». He speaks perfect Russian villages on the absence of doctors, «from which especially increases mortality», the «great and frequent fires,» the «fighting among the people, robbery, drunkenness», about the oppression of dissenters, of conscription from which the Russian people are running for border. The treatise shows how rightly observed, «as a well known Russian Lomonosov life in which she was rising clear images in front of us».

These four books, enclosing a mass of documentary material of paramount importance, and are still probably the most valuable materials for the study of the life circumstances of Governors. Work Bilyarskii no different scientific impartiality; materials placed here not only suffer extreme one-sided selection, but are sometimes just cut out the places that give cause other lighting. In addition, 1865 is a number of different smaller articles, studies, speeches, of which the most valuable: N.N. Bulich works («To the memory of a century Lomonosov», Kazan, 1865), Grote («Essay on the academic activities of Governors’ St. Petersburg., 1865), N.A. Lyubimov («Lomonosov and the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences», «Russian Journal», 1865, Vol. 3 ), N. Yakobson («On the Lomonosov on new materials», Kharkov, 1865), a collection articles and speeches that appeared in Moscow: «The celebration of the centennial of the University in the Imperial Moscow University» (Wiley, 1865, article Solovyov Buslaeva, Tikhonravov Bodyanskyi, Shurovsky, Lyaskovsky, etc.), such as collections of articles and speeches, in which were the Kharkov and Kazan.

With the celebration of the anniversary of Lomonosov in 1865 to a large proportion of linked soon appeared more extensive work BUDILOVICH: «Lomonosov as a naturalist and scholar» (St. Petersburg, 1869), and further bibliographical work by the same author: «Lomonosov as a writer» («Collection II Branch of the Academy of Sciences», that VIII, St. Petersburg., 1872). On the jubilee celebrations connected and printed in the same «Collection of the Academy of Sciences», it is still valuable bibliographical edition Ponomariov: «Materials for a bibliography of Lomonosov.» Capital acquisition, preserving the value entirely and still is released in 1873 II T. «History of the Imperial Academy of Sciences’ Pekarskii, much of which is occupied by an extensive biography of the University.

Capital contribution to the scientific literature on Lomonosov is the aforementioned academic publication «University Works», edited by Academician M.I. Suhomlinova the text works thoroughly tested by the manuscripts and early printed editions, the notes are shown in large variations, translations and imitations of Mikhail Lomonosov collate with scripts. The new revival in the study of the life and activities of the University is celebrating in 1911 the 200th anniversary of his birth.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov died on April 15 (April 4, Old Style), 1765, in St. Petersburg.

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